To study the role of pirfenidone in rats exposed to silica dust, we established the rat silicosis model with 50?mg/ml silica by intratracheal instillation. From the first day after silica instillation, rats were given pirfenidone (50, 100?mg/kg/day) and rats were sacrificed at 14 days and 28 days to observe the histopathology of lungs, to analyze the level of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in lung tissues and to measure the expression of TGF-β1, Smad2/3, vimentin, and E-cadherin in lung tissues. Results showed that pirfenidone (50, 100?mg/kg/day) reduced the silica-induced alveolar inflammation, the damage of alveolar structure and the blue areas of collagen fibers in the lungs of rats. At the same time, pirfenidone also reduced the level of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in lung tissues and the protein expression of collagen I. After pirfenidone intervention for 14 days and 28 days, the protein expression of vimentin was down-regulated and the protein expression of E-cadherin was up-regulated in lung tissues. In addition, the TGF-β1/smad2/3 pathway was activated at 14 days and 28 days after silica instillation, and pirfenidone reduced the expression of TGF-β1 and smad2/3 in the lungs. These results indicated that pirfenidone intervention inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and pulmonary fibrosis in rat silicosis model, which effects may be related to the TGF-β1/smad pathway.